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Paraguay 1856 2 Reales Tesoro Nacional Treasury Note, earliest national paper money of Paraguay, signed by Matias Reina and Santiago Ozcariz, Pick Unlisted and attributed as Miguel Pratt MC14.

Paraguay 1856 - Tesoro Nacional 2 Reales Treasury Note, Earliest National Paper Money (Pick Unlisted, Miguel Pratt MC14)

This example preserves the handmade and improvised nature of Paraguay's earliest fiscal printing. Its thin paper, uneven inking, blank reverse, manuscript signatures, and locally printed format are not merely production details; they are evidence of a young state creating sovereign money with the limited tools available in Asuncion. As a Pick Unlisted note attributed in specialized Latin American references as Miguel Pratt MC14, it stands outside the standard world-paper-money catalog sequence and represents a primary artifact of Paraguay's monetary origins. Read more →

Paraguay 1856 - Tesoro Nacional 2 Reales Treasury Note, Earliest National Paper Money (Pick Unlisted, Miguel Pratt MC14)
ParaguayTreasury Note18562 RealesUncertified Very Fine Original, Blank Reverse 2 RealesTreasury NoteTesoro Nacional Treasury NoteEarliest National Paper MoneyFirst IssueHandsignedBlank ReversePrimitive LithographyThin Handmade PaperTesoro NacionalCarlos Antonio LopezMatias ReinaSantiago OzcarizAsuncion PrintingParaguayan Monetary OriginsEarly National PaperSouth American Fiscal HistoryWar of the Triple AllianceHistoryParaguay1856Pick UnlistedMiguel Pratt MC14R10 UniqueR10Unique Known ExampleMuseum Grade
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Portugal 1799 Real Erario 20000 reis apólice issued in Lisboa, serial number 37723 in red, blind embossed seal on the face, no red overprint present, with multiple official ink seals on the reverse

Portugal 1799 - Real Erario 20000 Reis Apólice, Original Issue, No Overprint, Lisboa No. 37723

During the War of the Two Brothers, older 1798 and 1799 treasury apolices remaining in circulation, banks, and administrative channels were subjected to large-scale revalidation and overprinting. Both the Pedro IV and Miguel I periods produced prominent red face markings associated with the reuse, revalidation, or monetary treatment of older Treasury paper. The campaign affected a substantial portion of the surviving population.

Paraguay 1907 Banco de la República 5 Pesos with 1912 dual-side state and Treasury revalidation overprint, Pick Unlisted, base Pick 156, showing Emisión del Estado on the face and Departamento de Hacienda Junta Fiscalizadora Cincuenta Centavos Oro Sellado validation on the reverse, printed by Waterlow & Sons, London, raw uncirculated

Paraguay 1907 - Banco de la República 5 Pesos with 1912 Dual-Side State and Treasury Revalidation Overprint (Pick Unlisted, Base Pick 156)

The importance of this note lies in the second, reverse-side overprint. The face stamp alone identified a note as part of the 1912 state emission, but the reverse validation added a further administrative layer. It showed that the note had not merely been converted from old Banco de la República stock into emergency state currency, but had also passed through Treasury supervision under the Departamento de Hacienda and the Junta Fiscalizadora. That second mark connected the note to fiscal inspection, public-account control, and the official decree of 20 May 1912.

Paraguay 1907 100 Pesos Banco de la República specimen with 1912 dual-side state and treasury fiscal revalidation overprint, including Emisión del Estado on the face and Departamento de Hacienda Junta Fiscalizadora Diez Pesos Oro Sellado validation on the reverse, base Pick 159, Pick Unlisted, PMG 64 Choice Uncirculated

Paraguay 1907 - 100 Pesos with 1912 Dual-Side State and Treasury Revalidation Overprint Specimen (Pick Unlisted)

The significance of the reverse overprint is especially important. The original 1907 note already carried the monetary clause “Moneda Nacional ó Diez Pesos Oro Sellado,” meaning that the 100 Pesos paper denomination was legally associated with a value formula of ten sealed gold pesos. During the monetary and political emergency of 1912, this wording became more than decorative text. The state needed a way to distinguish selected, officially reviewed notes from the unstable mass of paper circulating in a damaged economy. The second, reverse overprint did exactly that: it reaffirmed the gold-denominated language of the base note and placed the note under the authority of the Treasury’s fiscal inspection board.

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